The American History Of Columbus That Never Knew
Since 1892, when President Benjamin Harrison issued a proclamation urging the nation to celebrate the day Christopher Columbus discovered America, the United States has enthusiastically organized school programs, plays, parades, and community celebrations across the country. . . We now celebrate Columbus Day as a day of rest and relaxation. American history, however, does not teach the true meaning or importance of the man we now honor with a national holiday. To do this, we need to look back in time to 15th century Spain:
The expulsion decree said: "By the grace of God, king, and queen of Castile, León, Aragon and other domains of the crown - to Prince Juan, the dukes, the marquises, the counts, the holy orders, the priors, the commanders of cavalry, lords of castles, knights, and to all Jews, men and women of all ages, and to anyone else who refers in this letter: health and grace to you. You know well that in our domain there are certain bad Christians who Judaized and committed apostasy against our holy Catholic faith, largely due to communication between Jews and Christians. Therefore, in the year 1480, we ordered that the Jews be separated from the cities and towns of our domains and that they be given separate rooms, hoping that this separation would resolve the situation. And we ordered that an Inquisition be established in such domains, and in the twelve years it has worked, the Inquisition has found many culprits ”.
The Jewish population has already been expelled from England, most of France, and most of Germany. The remaining Jews were to identify themselves by wearing a round yellow patch on their hearts. Thousands of Jews were massacred. Many others "voluntarily" converted to Christianity. The sincerity and religious loyalty of "new Christians" or converts (Marranos) were always suspect. Instead of eliminating the persecution, conversion made it worse.
A Sephardi Jew appointed as the king's physician and the surgeon was the last hope of his communities. Isaac Abrabanel, mathematician, astronomer, and instructor at the Sagres School of Navigation, also responded to the throne: “Your Majesties, Abraham Senior and I thank you for this opportunity to make our final statement on behalf of the Jewish communities we represent. . Counts, dukes, and court canopies, knights and ladies ... it is not a great honor when a Jew is asked to plead for his people's safety. But more shame is when the kings of Castile and Aragon, indeed, of all Spain, must seek their glory in the expulsion of a harmless people. I find it very difficult to understand how every Jewish man, woman, and child can be a threat to the Catholic faith. Very, very heavy loads. "
Franciscan friar Alonso de Espina had published a book entitled "Fortalitium Fidei", which listed blood libel, "host degradation" and a variety of satanic misdeeds allegedly committed by converts and Jews. One of his goals was to show that the converts were bad Christians (heretics) and therefore subject to the horrors of the Inquisition.
The pogrom continued: “Furthermore, we order that no person in our kingdom of any noble position or state hiding, keeping or defending any Jew or Jew, publicly or secretly, from the end of July onwards, in their homes or anywhere. another place in our kingdom. , under pain of the loss of his possessions, vassals, forces, and hereditary privileges. Therefore, we grant permission to said Jewish men and women to remove their property and possessions from our kingdoms, whether by sea or by land, provided that they do not take away gold or silver or minted money or any other object prohibited by law. laws of the kingdom. "
"In fact, it's the other way around," replied Abrabanel. Didn't he admit in this edict that he confined all Jews to confined places and limited our legal and social privileges, not to mention that he forced us to wear shameful insignia? Haven't you taxed us oppressively? Didn't you terrorize us day and night with your diabolical Inquisition? Allow me to clarify this matter to everyone present: I will not allow the voice of Israel to be quiet on this day. "
On March 31, the Edict of Expulsion was signed. Every Jew was forced to choose between converting to Christianity or leaving the country forever without his possessions. As a last insult, the departure date will coincide with Tisha B'Av, a day of mourning to commemorate the many tragedies that the Jewish people have suffered. A day of fasting, the destruction of both temples is recorded on that day (the first by the Babylonians in 586 BC and the second by the Romans in 70 AD).
Luis de Santange, convert and accountant of the Royal Court, offered Abrabanel the loan of 17,000 ducats to find a new home for the expelled Jewish communities. Abrabanel recruited Abraham Zacuto, the physician of King John II. Like Abrabanel, Abraham was also an astronomer and a mathematician; he had developed the "Almanac Perpetuum" and included the Navigation Tablets in his native language, Hebrew. It was through King John II that Abraham met Admiral Salvador Fernando.
Son of Dom Fernando, first Duke of Beja, Salvador who had an affair with Isabel Goncalves Zarco, daughter of Joao Goncalves Zarco, discoverer of Porto Santo and Madeira. The Zarco were Portuguese Jews from the city of Tomar. When a woman became pregnant out of wedlock, she was often locked up in another place to give birth to her illegitimate child. For this reason, Salvador Fernando Zarco was born in Cuba, a small town eight miles north of Beja. The couple had a son, Diego.
The power of the Ottomans and other Islamic nations of the eastern Mediterranean grew at an alarming rate, continually threatening the Christian monarchies themselves. This power had also effectively closed land routes to the east, across the Caspian Sea, Samarkand, and northern India, and made access to the sea route south from the Red Sea extremely difficult.
Cousin brother of King Juan II, Zarco was the half-brother of Queen Doña Leonor, half-brother of King Manuel I, and great-grandson of Prince Enrique the Navigator. The king arranged for the baptism of Zarcos and, as a convert, was sent on a secret mission to divert Spain's attention from the true sea route to India by sailing west, giving Prince Henry's navigators time to go beyond the Cape of Storms, which was later renamed the Cape of Good Hope. He spent seven years in Spain trying to get Spanish royals to approve a western route to India whenever it was rejected.
On an even higher level, Franciscan preachers sought to prepare for the end of the world as they interpreted the Book of Revelation to prophesy. According to the eschatological vision contained in the Apocalypse, Jerusalem would have been reconquered by Christianity and a Christian emperor would have settled in the Holy Land. These events were a precondition for the coming and defeat of the Antichrist and the conversion of the entire human race and, ultimately, for the Last Judgment. Once the expulsion edict was signed, Luis de Santangel, guardian of the royal stock exchange, urged the Crown to approve the expedition in "an undertaking of so little risk, but which could be of such great service to God ... to speak of a tremendous rise and glory to their kingdoms and crown ... "Luis pleaded that the project in the west, it was hoped, would help finance a crusade to the east. He suggested the possibility of associating with Christians such as Priest John, the legendary Christian ruler of the East, and its descendants, who, according to many, still survived east of the lands of the infidels.
The High Khan of the Golden Horde himself considered himself interested in Christianity. Louis argued that the Kingdom could use the voyage to personally deliver a letter of friendship from its rulers to the Great Khan during his voyage. Eventually, the queen relented and summoned the admiral who would never accept a "no" for an answer to return to the Spanish court and present his plan again. In his final presentation to the Queen, Zarco announced: “Your Highnesses, as Catholic Christians… were thinking of sending me to those parts of India, to see those princes, those peoples and those lands… and how it should be used to reach it. his conversion to our holy faith, and he ordered me not to go by land to the east, which was the way to go, but to the west, so until today we don't know for sure that anyone has passed; therefore, having expelled all the Jews from their kingdoms and lordships ... I had to go to said parts of India, and for this he bestowed upon me great rewards and ennobled me so that from that moment on I could be called "Don" and for to be high admiral of the Ocean Sea and perpetual governor of the islands and continent that I should discover ... and that my eldest son should occupy the same position, and so on from generation to generation. "
Despite the amazement at hearing his requests to be named "Admiral of the Ocean Sea, Viceroy and Governor of these islands and of the continent", and the amazement of the country, the surrounding kingdoms, and the Pope himself, the documents were signed. For a signature, Zarco always used a unique triangular monogram similar to the inscriptions found on tombstones in Jewish cemeteries in Spain and southern France. This kabbalistic abbreviation, in Hebrew, Latin, and Greek, contains two secret names: Christopher Columbus, his "nom de plume", and Salvador Fernando Zarco, his birth name.
On Av. 9, August 3, 1492, Christopher Columbus, as his Converso name is now recorded, departed from Palos, Spain, commanding three ships and 90 men, almost all converted by his crew. He carried with him Abraham Zacuto's navigational table and a book of letters from Isaac Abrabanel. Their ships reached Cana.
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